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Fair trade cocoa' is an agricultural product harvested from the cacao tree using a certified process which is followed by cocoa farmers, buyers, and chocolate manufacturers, and is designed to create sustainable incomes for farmers and their families.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Guide to buying Fair Trade chocolate )〕 Companies that use fair trade certified cocoa to create products can advertise that they are contributing to social, economic, and environmental sustainability in agriculture. == Background == In the 1990s, approximately 90 percent of the world’s cocoa was produced on small, family managed farms, primarily in West Africa and Latin America. Local collectors and intermediaries purchase and transport the cocoa to exporters and processors. Many farmers are unaware of the final destination and value of their cocoa.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=What’s Fairer than Fair Trade? Try Direct Trade With Cocoa Farmers )〕 Low prices and increasing need for fertilizer often created labor shortage, leading to child and slave labor in many West African countries with cocoa production. Fair trade cocoa certification was created to overcome these problems. The first fair trade certification of a cocoa product was arranged by the Max Havelaar Foundation of the Netherlands in 1994. The product was Green & Black’s Maya Gold Chocolate, which was made with cocoa from Belize. The Max Havelaar Foundation was also the first Fairtrade Certification Mark. The Dutch foundation has now incorporated itself into Fairtrade International (FLO), a nonprofit organization with 25 member countries that use fair trade certification labels. In 2002, Fair Trade USA, which at that time had been incorporated into Fair Trade International (FLO), started certifying fair trade cocoa products sold in the United States.〔Fair Trade USA. () 〕 In September of 2011, Fair Trade USA split from Fair Trade International (FLO).〔 In 2001, the issue of forced labour in cocoa production was brought to the public's attention by a series of articles published in the United States by Sudarsan Raghavan, Sumana Chaterjee, and the Knight Ridder news agency. They included interviews with victims of child trafficking for cocoa production. Noting that the United States has laws against importing goods produced using slave labor, Congressman Eliot Engel and Senator Tom Harkin proposed to enact a “slave-free” label for chocolate. The United States cocoa industry lobbied against this, and the mandatory labeling proposal was reduced to a voluntary system. Under this system, known as the Harkin–Engel Protocol, chocolate producers pledged that by July 1, 2005, they would use “standards…consistent with applicable federal law, that ensure cocoa beans and their derivative products have been produced without the worst forms of child labor.”〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Cocoa sustainability goals should not exclude suppliers )〕 The publicity surrounding these events increased consumer demand for fair trade certified chocolate. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Fair trade cocoa」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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